{"id":140190,"date":"2022-08-03T16:10:31","date_gmt":"2022-08-03T15:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/?p=140190"},"modified":"2022-08-05T11:35:58","modified_gmt":"2022-08-05T10:35:58","slug":"how-the-top-six-british-supermarkets-are-communicating-inflation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/blog\/how-the-top-six-british-supermarkets-are-communicating-inflation\/","title":{"rendered":"Cost of Living: How the top 6 British supermarkets are communicating inflation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>As costs continue to soar in energy, fuel and produce, the cost of groceries is a strong concern for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2022\/jun\/07\/food-prices-uk-inflation-food-standards-agency\">76% of the UK.<\/a> According to the Food Standards Agency (FSA), the number of people skipping meals or using food banks has risen from around one in ten in March 2021, to nearly one in six this March \u2014 with a strong upsurge in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/politics\/rishi-sunak-food-banks-middle-class-b2042958.html\">middle class families<\/a> needing support<\/strong><strong>. Research suggests <a href=\"http:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/research\/wider-consumer-interests\/uk-publics-interests-needs-and-concerns-around-food\">this uncertainty will remain<\/a> for at least the next three years. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In a bid to maintain sales, supermarkets across the UK have had to rethink their internal and external communications, with value and support now at the forefront.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>With inflation now at a 40-year high of 9.1%, the average shopper will spend \u00a3380 more on groceries in 2022. Prices are as much as 5.9% higher in April <a href=\"http:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/research\/wider-consumer-interests\/uk-publics-interests-needs-and-concerns-around-food\">than a year ago<\/a>, the biggest increase since December 2011. As a result, the volume of goods being sold in the UK is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/77decadd-3db4-4690-b20c-580cc10dd853\">now falling<\/a> \u2014 with food purchases the number one culprit.<\/p>\n<p>For a second consecutive month the GfK consumer confidence barometer has set a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ftadviser.com\/investments\/2022\/06\/24\/horror-situation-as-consumer-confidence-drops-to-record-low\/\"> record low, <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ftadviser.com\/investments\/2022\/06\/24\/horror-situation-as-consumer-confidence-drops-to-record-low\/\">falling 41%<\/a> in June. Consumer sentiment is dropping rapidly as a result of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/retail-consumer\/uks-tesco-sees-early-signs-changing-customer-behaviour-inflation-hits-2022-06-17\/\">tighter budgets<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 for example, price <a href=\"https:\/\/www.walesonline.co.uk\/news\/uk-news\/asda-shoppers-ask-till-staff-24310113\">limits are being set at checkouts<\/a> and the switch to cheaper brands\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclelive.co.uk\/news\/cost-of-living\/aldi-lidl-tesco-morrisons-asda-24310308\">and stores<\/a>\u00a0is at an all-time high. Convenience stores are also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ftadviser.com\/investments\/2022\/06\/24\/horror-situation-as-consumer-confidence-drops-to-record-low\/\">performing far better<\/a> than big stores, as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tescoplc.com\/investors\/reports-results-and-presentations\/results-and-presentations\/\">consumers search<\/a>\u00a0for bargains and value.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Top speakers<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-bar-chart-race\" data-src=\"visualisation\/10773976?1112081\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<p>Overall, \u00a0Sainsbury\u2019s CEO Simon Roberts had the most coverage across national print and online news in relation to cost of living commentary. Among the most popular topics was Roberts\u2019 statement that financial pressures <a href=\"http:\/\/inews.co.uk\/news\/business\/cost-living-crisis-sainsburys-boss-financial-pressure-customers-intensify-1724296\">\u2018will only intensify\u2019<\/a> this year, which was featured in 148 print and online publications related to national news, grocery sales, agriculture and stock market updates. Of this total, 84% featured both Roberts\u2019 name and quotation in the headline.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, while ASDA\u2019s Lord Stuart Rose\u2019s volume was lower overall, his statements created stronger spikes in volume and a wider distribution rate. For example, he was quoted 341 times between 22-30 June for reporting that ASDA shoppers are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.standard.co.uk\/news\/uk\/asda-shoppers-cost-of-living-crisis-inflation-till-spending-limit-b1007607.html\">\u2018setting \u00a330 limits at the till\u2019<\/a> and \u2018asking staff to put shopping back\u2019 after that point.<\/p>\n<p>Rose has also held a strong political voice in recent months, calling out Rishi Sunak\u2019s attempts to solve the crisis. Between May-July, he was quoted 55 times by national newspapers after calling Sunak\u2019s \u00a315bn cost of living package <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irishnews.com\/news\/northernirelandnews\/2022\/06\/23\/news\/asda-says-some-shoppers-are-setting-30-limit-as-their-spend-2751447\/\">\u2018not enough\u2019<\/a> in a Radio 4 interview.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wage gap across UK supermarkets<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Among the top speakers, all but Giles Hurley (Aldi) and Ryan McDonnell (Lidl) had negative coverage related to wage raises in their top-performing stories. On 6 June, Simon Roberts\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2022\/jun\/06\/sainsburys-boss-pay-triples-to-38m-as-firm-rejects-living-wage-calls#:~:text=1%20month%20old-,Sainsbury's%20CEO's%20pay%20triples%20to%20%C2%A33.8,firm%20rejects%20living%20wage%20calls&amp;text=Sainsbury's%20has%20revealed%20that%20its,stores%20receive%20a%20living%20wage.\">raise of \u00a33.8m<\/a> was covered by The Guardian and later syndicated a further 214 times by local and national news sources.<\/p>\n<p>Ken Murphy also received a negative salary-related spike on 13 May due to his <a href=\"https:\/\/inews.co.uk\/news\/tesco-boss-ken-murphys-4-7m-pay-packet-should-remind-us-of-the-dangers-of-rewarding-risky-decision-making-1628631\">2.4% increased pay package of \u00a34.74m<\/a> \u2014 224 times higher than Tesco staff. On the other hand, Clare Grainger, group people director at Morrisons, was quoted 29 times in retail and grocery-focused magazines as \u2018pleased to be maintaining our position as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.retailsector.co.uk\/629596-morrisons-becomes-highest-paying-supermarket-in-uk\/\">highest paying<\/a> UK national supermarket.\u2019 This lead to 19 headline mentions between 8-12 June referring to Morrisons as the best wage-related supermarket.<\/p>\n<p>Negative sentiment towards Sainsbury\u2019s wages spiked for a second time between 27 June &#8211; 7 July when senior management <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bigissue.com\/news\/employment\/sainsburys-bosses-have-rejected-a-call-to-become-a-real-living-wage-employer\/\">rejected a call <\/a>by ShareAction, HSBC and other investors to become a \u2018Real Living Wage\u2019 employer for all company staff. This topic was covered 179 times throughout July, during which ALDI received a peak in positive coverage for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2022\/jul\/25\/aldi-gives-second-pay-rise-in-year-amid-high-demand-for-uk-workers\">increasing staff pay<\/a> a second time this year.<\/p>\n<p>Since 1 May, all of Sainsbury\u2019s major competitors have received positive coverage tied to wage increases, which has fed into the rapidly growing trend of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/money\/i-compared-prices-asda-tesco-26771276\"> consumer-led price comparison reports<\/a>. Overall, wage ratios contributed to overall share of sentiment:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>UK supermarkets: national share of voice\u00a0\u00a0 (1 May &#8211; 1 Aug 2022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/10776361?1112081\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<p>In a comparison of the top six supermarkets most often used by Britons, Tesco had the strongest share of voice among UK-wide online news sources in response to the cost-of-living crisis. While the majority was neutral in sentiment, it also received the highest rates of positive and negative coverage. Whereas 86% of neutral coverage was a passing mention, 64% of positive coverage was a dedicated article towards <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/money\/tesco-offering-free-kids-meals-27572524\">free kids\u2019 meals<\/a> over the summer period. This incentive has been a competitive theme over the July period,\u00a0 with Tesco\u2019s move following <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chroniclelive.co.uk\/news\/cost-of-living\/asda-1-kids-meal-summer-24432305\">Asda\u2019s \u00a31 kids\u2019 meal charge<\/a> earlier in July.<\/p>\n<p>Aside from wage-related backlash, negative coverage has also had consistent ties to the increase of low-cost meal prices. The term \u2018shrinkflation\u2019 has been trending since 13 May &#8211; the term for charging the same or more for reduced-size products. For example, Tesco was accused over this period of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thescottishsun.co.uk\/money\/8863610\/tesco-set-shrink-ready-meal-size\/\">\u2018secretly\u2019 shrinking the size of ready meals<\/a> while keeping them the same price.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Sainsbury\u2019s received controversial press for its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.retailgazette.co.uk\/blog\/2022\/05\/sainsburys-to-scrap-hfss-deals-by-october-urges-grocers-to-follow-suit\/\">commitment to banning \u2018HFSS\u2019 deals<\/a> by October. Just one week after debates around this decision, Morrisons received a spike in national positive coverage for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegrocer.co.uk\/prices-and-promotions\/morrisons-to-delay-introduction-of-hfss-multibuy-ban-to-help-cost-of-living\/667825.article\">opting to delay the ban<\/a> to support cost of living.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key campaigns: cost of living<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/10807722?1112081\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n<p>Media discussion around inflation has swiftly evolved since February, as the cost of living in the UK increases alongside Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine. Supermarkets and high-profile brands are rapidly changing their messaging to reflect value and support.<\/p>\n<p>For example, John Lewis Partnership transition from its popular \u2018Never Knowingly Undersold\u2019 to a focus on \u2018Quality and Value\u2019 demonstrates a direct response to consumer needs given rising inflation.<\/p>\n<p>For marketers and marketing to really demonstrate the value it can add, it must go beyond campaigns to the broader actions that sit behind the campaigns that make the difference.<\/p>\n<p>This is evident in that while Aldi and Lidl have the lowest number of inflation-related campaigns, they benefited from a surge in new customers, with sales increasing at both retailers <a href=\"http:\/\/www.yorkshirepost.co.uk\/business\/consumer\/aldi-and-lidl-were-the-fastest-growing-retailers-over-the-last-quarter-3590879\">over the last 12 weeks<\/a>. Clearly, consistently low prices have had a stronger focus than diverse marketing messages for consumers who prioritise value for money.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Tesco has added 100 products to its Low Everyday Prices range over the past month. Ken Murphy was quoted 38 times in national online headlines in a statement around the brand\u2019s \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.express.co.uk\/finance\/city\/1595512\/retail-news-tesco-prices-inflation\">laser-focus on value<\/a>\u2019 and plans to be the last of the big UK supermarkets to pass on inflation costs to customers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Low-cost kids\u2019 meals<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As part of the Government\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bigissue.com\/news\/social-justice\/amazon-help-for-households-discounts-families-summer\/\">Help for Households<\/a> scheme, major retailers across the UK are offering discounts and support over the summer holidays to help families through the cost of living crisis. Tesco, ASDA and Sainsbury\u2019s have signed up\u00a0 through the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bigissue.com\/life\/food\/all-the-places-where-kids-eat-free-during-the-holidays\/\">summer holidays<\/a>, into the back-to-school season and through to Christmas. Tesco and ASDA received a strong ratio of high-reaching national coverage in relation to this scheme.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aldi Price Match<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The ever-popular Aldi price-match program has also been a strong and consistent theme over the past four months. Sainsbury\u2019s performed particularly well due to its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.retailgazette.co.uk\/blog\/2022\/06\/sainsburys-doubles-down-on-aldi-price-match-campaign\/#:~:text=Sainsbury's%20is%20price%20matching%20its,its%20highest%20volume%20fresh%20items.&amp;text=living%20will%20worsen-,This%20latest%20round%20of%20investment%20will%20focus%20on%20meat%20and,included%20in%20the%20Price%20Match.\">\u2019doubling-down\u2019 <\/a>campaign, which matched a further 250 high-volume fresh products to the same prices as its German competitor. This headline created a strong surge of positive sentiment for Sainsbury\u2019s in the middle of June. On the other hand, Tesco had a spike in negative sentiment in the middle of May following the decision to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.retailgazette.co.uk\/blog\/2022\/05\/tesco-pulls-products-from-aldi-price-match-campaign-in-order-to-raise-prices\/\">pull at least 18 products<\/a> from its Aldi price-match programme.<\/p>\n<p>As the heated competition to beat Aldi\u2019s low costs <a href=\"https:\/\/ukinvestormagazine.co.uk\/tesco-fights-to-stay-ahead-of-aldi-as-uk-sales-fall-1-5-year-on-year\/#:~:text=17%2F06%2F2022-,Tesco%20fights%20to%20stay%20ahead%20of%20Aldi%20as%20UK,1.5%25%20year%2Don%2Dyear&amp;text=Tesco%20shares%20slid%200.4%25%20to,in%20its%20latest%20trading%20update.\">evolves<\/a> in the media, ASDA reaped the benefits of introducing its new and tactful <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailyrecord.co.uk\/lifestyle\/food-drink\/asda-introduces-massive-home-bargains-26913417\">Home Bargains price-match<\/a> programme. Not only was this ASDA\u2019s highest performing campaign, but it also set it apart from its competitors in the trending fight to make \u2018essentials\u2019 accessible to all families.<\/p>\n<p>ASDA also introduced its \u2018Just Essentials\u2019 line and an E<a href=\"https:\/\/corporate.asda.com\/20220721\/our-new-money-saving-hub-offers-tips-to-help-parents-during-the-summer-holidays\">ssential Living Hub<\/a>, providing essential guidance and promotions to those who need it. Its press release was shared 57 times by local and regional media following the launch in early May, all of which provided a link directly to the hub in the body of the article.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Changes and cuts to marketing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Despite warnings to the contrary, advertising budgets are often the first thing to get cut during an economic downturn. For example, while he did not indicate how much of this cost reduction would come out of marketing spend, Simon Roberts has said the retailer\u2019s focus at this moment is to get its messages to customers, which has involved increasing its use of digital channels and decrease in other areas of traditional messaging.<\/p>\n<p>In an article with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketingweek.com\/sainsburys-premium-cost-of-living-crisis\/\">Marketing Week,<\/a> Roberts said Sainsbury\u2019s was \u2018using digital way more extensively than we were before\u2019 and \u2018really using every channel to make sure we get our value, innovation and quality messages to customers\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, Tesco\u2019s CEO Ken Murphy also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketingweek.com\/tesco-ceo-marketing-is-more-important-than-ever-amid-cost-of-living-crisis\/\">reported to Marketing Week<\/a> that marketing is crucial \u2018now more than ever\u2019 and that it is not a cost \u2018but more as an investment\u2019 in prioritising crucial cost-of-living communications with customers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-140192\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco-236x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco-236x300.jpg 236w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco-768x978.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco-553x705.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco-500x637.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/800-Tesco.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161003.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-140193\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161003-235x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161003-235x300.jpg 235w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161003-500x637.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161003.jpg 547w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161252.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-140197\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161252-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"231\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161252-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161252-500x648.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Screenshot-2022-08-03-161252.jpg 526w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Demonstrating value and empathy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As inflation continues to induce concern for families across the UK, it is evident that the highest-performing supermarkets in terms of sales and positive coverage are those that continue to drive value and empathy in their communications.<\/p>\n<p>While Aldi and Lidl have the competitive edge of consistently low prices, reporter Chris Kelly commented that this<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketingdive.com\/news\/what-brands-can-do-as-inflation-adds-to-consumer-woes\/620649\/\"> won\u2019t be enough in the long-term<\/a> and the need to continue driving value-focused messaging is imperative:<\/p>\n<p>\u2018Don&#8217;t assume that your only response to this inflationary moment has to be to cut prices. Think about ways in which you can add value as well, and that will then help you over the long run\u2019, he said.<\/p>\n<p>These doctrines apply to staff as much as customers \u2014 which was made evident when Sainsbury\u2019s took a nationwide hit in the media for rejecting to pay all staff the national living wage. Similarly, CEOs saw a spike in negative coverage that questioned their annual salaries against the rising cost of essential household items.<\/p>\n<p>As for who will prevail in the financial crisis, it appears to be those who continue to make care, value and empathy the undercurrent of every decision \u2014 from price cuts and loyalty incentives to staff wellness and changes in overall brand voice.<\/p>\n<p>Aldi\u2019s low-cost reputation means it can afford to run fewer campaigns and maintain a highly competitive status. However, other supermarkets that have previously been associated with luxury brands like Sainsbury\u2019s \u2018Taste the Difference\u2019 are seeing a clear upsurge in sales and positive media coverage when prioritising diverse loyalty campaigns and the accessibility of household essentials.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Want to know more about this data or how media insights can support your PR and communications?\u00a0<a tabindex=\"-1\" title=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/pr-software\/media-insights\/?clid=Blog\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/pr-software\/media-insights\/?clid=Blog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" aria-label=\"Link Find out more.\">Find out more.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A media analysis of the rise of fintech in the travel industry and what coverage of different brands tells us about the &#8216;investment boom&#8217;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":451,"featured_media":140219,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7365,7404,7272,3725,3729],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140190"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/451"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140190"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":140499,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140190\/revisions\/140499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/140219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=140190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vuelio.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=140190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}